Taking care of the researcher –a nature and art-related activity retreat: Sharing natural space puts humanity into perspective

1.1Retreat programs and stress relief

Health retreats have been used for many generations as a place of rejuvenation and rest [1]. One definition of a retreat oftenly used in the literature is “a purpose-built centre which accommodates its guests for the purpose of learning/improving a body-mind activity and/or learning-receiving complementary therapies or treatments whilst there” [2]. Within the field of environmental psychology where one studies how people relate to and define their sense of space and place, and how this may relate to and define people; the retreat concept is closely linked to this as a variety of physical activities often form an indirect part of health retreats programs [3, 4]. Retreat programs are often used in rehabilitating patients [5–7], reducing employees’ burnout and stress [8], increasing quality of life [9] and improving educational and leadership abilities [4], but little is known about the effectiveness of these activities. Retreat programs have been used to improve educational and leadership abilities, e.g. students and teachers have used retreats to develop their skill sets, and to stay up-to-date with rapid advancements in their fields of expertise [10].

1.2Work environment and stress

In work environments, one of the main causes of burnout seems to be work-related stress [11–13] which may negatively impact the quality of work as seen in, for example, the health care sector [14, 15]. One risk factor for ill-health is physical inactivity, and the World Health Organization (WHO) ranks it as the fourth most common cause of death in the world, causing 6% of deaths [16]. As health-supporting work environments including opportunities for physical exercises and academic walks [17] become more common in our universities, we are beginning to understand how this is linked both to better health and to possible new learning environments for both students and staff [18].

1.3Academic stress

For academic researchers, the use of retreats in not yet commonly presented in the evidence-based literature, and thus evaluations are also scarce. The increasing administrative burden as well as the pressure to “publish or perish” is well known: “Researchers are pushed to compete more than ever, which often generates attitudes and professional behaviour that are inappropriate, counter-productive and undermine any cooperative behavior” [19]. Being a researcher and seeking knowledge means that you face a potentially limitless amount of work and therefore it is important that we become more aware of our embodiment and adept in the skills of reading the warning signals of stress [20]. There are studies in which different cultural activities have been used to stimulate experiences and behaviors that can increase quality of life, enrich memory, and thereby enable us to better comprehend feelings, and give us new forms of understanding and resilience [21–25]. Cultural activities in a broad sense can be dancing, listening to music, drawing, and being in stillness, as seen in the randomized control trial study of the Cultural Palette [26].

1.4Stress and restorative effects of nature

Spending time in nature has been shown to have positive health effects, including the prevention of stress, the reduction of stress due to overwork and the advancement of learning [27, 28]. Different natural landscapes can be systematized as ”restorative” in relation to different needs [29]. When evaluating and explaining stress and its relation to restoration, theories such as ”Attention Restoration Theory”, [30] perceived stress [31] and Psychophysiological Stress Theory (PSRT) [32] have been used. Improved cognitive performance has been another factor used to measure and evaluate contact with nature [33]. A pertinent finding from such studies is that the natural environment can be more beneficial than the built environment in relation to human health development [32, 34–36], and that being outdoors seem to be postively associated with vitality [37]. Studies have also shown improved physiology such as lower blood pressure and reduced stress levels [38, 39] in relation to the natural environment as compared to an urban environment.

1.5Theme of the retreat

In this study, we explore the use of nature and art-related activities at a three-day academic retreat with a mixed group of six researchers from Sweden, Finland, and the United States in the archipelago of Stockholm in Sweden. A focus group interview was conducted with participants directly after the retreat, on day three. Three months after the retreat, a follow-up questionnaire was sent out to all of the participants. The theme of the retreat was “Taking care of the researcher,” and the purpose of this pilot study was to see how participants shared, communicated and perceived their different exercise/workshop experiences and the overall experiences of taking part of the retreat, with a special focus on the potential of the retreat to reduce stress and burnout.

The goal of the project is to build research capacity and resilience by investing in the researcher as a human instrument. The program of activities was created to be flexible and to also allow for face to face social time, which would foster the discussion of ideas and to create a mutually supportive mind set.

1.6Aims and research questions

The aim in this pilot study is to explain in what ways, if any, a focused program using nature and art-related activities for researchers in a natural setting, away from the dense, hyperactive urban environment in which many researchers work, could be beneficial.

Our research questions are:

2.1Participants and setting

Six women, interdisciplinary researchers (mean age 51 years (20–76), from three different countries and universities (US, Sweden and Finland) were invited to a retreat on a small island on the outskirts of the archipelago of Stockholm in Sweden for three days.

The participants were accommodated in different houses, but shared meals during the three days. No one left the retreat area and all of the participants helped with practical tasks such as cooking, cleaning the dishes and helping organize the structure of each retreat exercise/workshop.

2.2Selection of participants

Each researcher self-selected to participate in the retreat was asked to prepare and lead one or two workshops each on the theme “Taking care of the researcher”. Researchers were invited via email for their experience in an area of the arts. While the research disciplines of participants varied, each of the researchers had a well-developed and recognized skill in one area of the arts and/or humanities, including yoga, expressive writing, expressive movement, dance, singing, drawing, drumming, culture-specific expression, and nutrition.

This experience needed to have been applied in clinical or other practical contexts, although not necessarily with a group of researchers. The arts practices selected for the retreat included yoga, expressive writing, expressive movement, dance, singing, drawing, drumming, culture-specific expression and nutrition. Workshops were approximately 1.5 hours long, and scheduled at a specific time on the retreat agenda. The entire group took part in each of the different workshops together. Four of the participating researchers are also the authors to this article.

2.3Duration of workshops

Only one workshop continued over three sessions and that was yoga: this took place each morning and was held both inside the main building and outside, on the ground, when the weather allowed it. The other workshops took place only once, and in a variety of locations on the island, including outside in nature, inside the main room and at an outside table. The participants worked either individually or collectively as the workshop required. Some workshops required the participants to walk or move in solitude, while others were based on being together, and doing the same thing at the same time. Unstructured time was built in, as well, especially during meals and for a trip to the sauna. Although the unstructured time was not formally evaluated, it was a time of sharing ideas and building community among the group.

2.4The different exercises/workshops

The different exercises/workshops provided were: Expressive writing workshop; Yoga workshop; Nature-based dance workshop; Mindful eating workshop; Self-figure drawing and life course dance workshop; Singing and rhythmic dance workshop; Dance and drums workshop; A shared culture-specific workshop. Each workshop ended with a verbal reflection and sharing for 15 minutes. See the Appendix for more details.

2.5Focus group interview

After the different workshops the participants shared their experiences from the exercises and their taking part in the retreat overall during a focus group interview lasting two and a half hours. All data was digitally recorded and the participants listened to each other’s experiences during the focus group. The data was collected directly after the end of the retreat, on the island, before participants left the retreat area. The recordings were then transcribed.

2.6Follow-up reflection

Three months after the end of the retreat, the participants were asked to reflect on their retreat experience in a written form. They were asked to give a reflection on the whole of the retreat in response to two prompts: “1. Is there something specific that stayed with you, something which you retain as a symbol or memento from the retreat? and 2. If and how have you used something from the retreat in a specific situation, maybe a stressful or demanding one?”

The participants also gave two ratings regarding 1) meaningfulness and 2) usefulness of the retreat experiences (Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) ranking from 1–10). Participants sent their ratings directly to the researcher responsible of data collection on the project and did not see each other’s ratings.

2.7Data analyses

The analysis began with approaching the qualitative textual material (focus group interviews and the three month post-intervention reflections) with descriptive qualitative analytics: What were the words most frequently used in the data? What types of vocabulary did the participants in describing their retreat experience? For this purpose, a word cloud was created, to illustrate both the most frequently used words, and also their weight (i.e. how often used the words were in relation to one another). The word cloud was created using a free online service (wordart.com). Excluded from the cloud was a list of most common English words and particles, so called ’stop words’, such as: as, at be, few, for, from, and so on. We also excluded the self-evident word “workshop”, which appeared extensively in the discussions, but also in the titles added to structure the texts.

2.8Content analysis

After generating an overview of the vocabularies used, qualitative content analysis was used to identfy which themes were focal in the material. To facilitate the qualitative content analysis, the computer software (Atlas.ti) was utilized. Its main uses were noting down segments from the textual material, keeping track of the coding by the researchers, and showing linkages between the various coded elements in relation to the purpose of the study.

For the qualitative content analysis, the texts were first read through several times, and reoccurring themes were taken down as codes in the analysis program. With these, the texts were coded, i.e., segments of the texts were marked as relating to a particular theme. In this process, further themes were found and taken down as codes, resulting to a rich and varied list of codes. In the course of the coding process, some codes were merged with one another, in particular if the same theme had been noted down with two different wordings (for example ‘experience’ and ‘experiences’. At other times, codes were divided into two or more, when further analytical clarity was required from the coding (for example separating ‘feelings: positive’ from ‘feelings: negative’).

2.9Coding

The coding process was cyclical (the creation of new codes and coding of the texts were constantly alternating and inseparable), and constantly in a close connection with the original texts. A detailed description of the same coding process using qualitative content analysis using an analysis software can be found in Friese 2019 [40]. Every time a new code was added or the code list was modified, the original texts were consulted: what is the context and what are the notions in the original texts, where these themes are pondered and elaborated. Instead of building a defined code structure, the aim was to enrich and deepen our understanding of the texts, and to summarize the experiences of the retreat participants in a way that is meaningful for the aims of this study. The results of this process are reported in the following section.

2.10Ethical consent

This study complied with the Declaration of Helsinki 2013 [41] and all participants provided written informed consent prior to participation.

3.1Embodied sharing in a nature-based context

From the content analyses, the most common factors that the researchers found meaningful and important regarding “taking care of ourselves as researchers” appeared. With regard to the purpose of the study, these three themes were: “Sharing and connection”, “Embodiment” and “Nature”. In the following text, each of the three themes will be presented with illustrative quotations from the interviews. It is notable that the design of the retreat itself referred to nature and sharing, but the concepts of connection and embodiment originated from the participants.

3.2Meaningfulness and usefulness of the retreat

As described earlier, written, numerical and verbal evaluations of the retreat were collected from the participants at the follow up after 3 months. The results of the numerical data can be found in Tables 1 and 2. There are missing values for Participant 6 because of deadline misunderstanding.

Tables 1 and 2 reveal that both the experienced and expressed meaningfulness and the usefulness were relatively high for all the workshops at the retreat. The mean value of the meaningfulness was slightly higher than the mean of the usefulness, but only slightly. As for the usefulness, the workshops experienced as the most useful were the yoga and the mindful eating workshop. The least useful were woodwork workshop and smudge ceremony.

However, variance was quite small: mean usefulness ratings ranged from 5.6 (smudge ceremony) to 8.3 (yoga). As for the meaningfulness, the workshops experienced as the most meaningful were the nature-based dance, and the self figure drawing + dance workshop. The least meaningful were the woodwork workshop and smudge ceremony. Also here the variance was very small: mean meaningfulness ratings ranged from 6.75 (woodwork) to 9.2 (self-figure drawing + dance). Between participants there are some differences, for example Participant 3 has given out generally lower scores that the others. But also her evaluations are relatively high and stable across each of the workshops.

4.1Sharing and connecting

The word cloud created an intriguing starting point for the deeper analysis of the material: How, and with what vocabularies, are the themes of well-being discussed in the material, among the retreat participants? Two of the most prominent themes in the material were sharing and connection. The theme of embodiment was significantly more prominent in the material than the themes of spirituality, spiritual growth or self-expression. This finding is especially interesting, when taking into account that many of the retreat exercises were spiritually or artistically focused. Sharing and connecting may be interpreted as a driving force for authenticity and vulnerability where age, titles, and background do not have an influence. In comparison with previous health care packages with artistic activities taking place indoors, the activities used in this study seem to evoke a deeper sense of sharing and connection among the participants [26, 41].

4.2Useful and meaningful

It seems that the retreat workshops were both useful and meaningful to the participants. This is affirmed and clarified in detail from examination of the verbal material. It also seems that no single workshop, nor a single type of activity is accountable for the “effect” seen. At this stage it should be noted, that this numerical data is here treated as a heuristic tool rather than a quantitative analysis method. This approach enables us to relate and compare the participants’ experiences to each other anonymously, as the evaluations were collected so that the respondents did not see one another’s answers. This creates a foundation for the qualitative analysis, wherein we focused on themes, meanings, and contents given to the retreat experience overall, instead of analyzing, for example, the each of the workshops.

4.3Letting in of caring lives – Theory U

In examining the accounts of the retreat experience from the focus group, the participants do not view the retreat experience as self-centered but instead focus on sharing and connection. The diversity in ages and backgrounds of the researchers may account for some of this interest. Each invitee brought something to teach and came prepared to learn. For the most part discussions held were not about professional lives –jobs, papers published, etc., but on personal traditions, was different from the experience that researchers generally have at other types of enrichment events such as professional conferences, symposia etc. This process of letting go of professional lives and letting in of caring lives, may have established a connection to a deeper source of knowing and bears ressembance to Theory U [43], which states that when we start to listen to each other, by “co-initiating” a common intention, via “co-sensing” by listening within, we can allow the inner knowing to emerge. This knowledge is reached by the so called “precensing” state. Thereafter “co-creating” leads to the “co-evolving” when we can act through an embodied wholeness. All those states are involved in Theory U [44], as an innovative state, and by means of this retreat, a process of translating tradition, into health self care, could start to take place.

4.4The embodied feeling of learning

Embodiment was often linked with nature in the texts, e.g.“being part of the nature” and also through that connection, the participants were also able to better listen to themselves. The term embodiment explains cognition's relation to the physical body, and its theoretical focus, according to Niedenthal, Barsalou, Winkielman, Krauth-Gruber, & Ric [44], is the brain’s modality-specific systems. These systems are constituted by a combination of different processes: the sensory systems, which regulate perception, the motor systems, which trigger actions; and the introspective systems, which govern conscious experiences of emotion and cognition. As Damasio puts it “We feel therefore we learn” [45], describing how embodiement is part of a spectrum in which the participants start to reconnect through feelings and sensing and thereby start connecting to the knowledge of each others. Embodiment is often discussed as a neglected dimension in researchers daily life [44].

This is also an important part of new learning environments; embodiment is a major part of how we learn from each other, and how we mirror one another via our own bodies and the ‘bodies’ of our academic societies [20].

4.5Fibonacci’s fractal dimension and trust

Looking at the data, the de-stressing effect observed was partly linked to being on an island, which could be due to its symbolic meaning. Moreover, the qualitative nature of the natural environment could have evoked a sense of meaning: Fibonacci numbers (the golden ratio) presented in the literature [46, 47] help us to feel safe and to feel meaning from the repetition of fractals, natural patterns to which we automatically attach our gaze. This could also be seen as an important contributor to the trustful sharing mechanism related to the findings in this nature-based retreat.

4.6Wakefully relaxed

A “wakefully relaxed state” is presented as a factor in the literature on nature-based activities, and can be evaluated from brain signals when perceiving fractal patterns from nature [48]. This state is an interesting one to relate to the openness and compassionate mindset reported between the participants during the retreat. This state could be interpreted as part of the clarity of mind that was described as being shared by the pariticpants, and as linked to the relaxed social climate seen in the results of the content analyses.

In another meta-analysis of nature interactions where they were related to urban interactions with regard to a specific cognitive performance, interaction with nature was found to increase cognitive performance, especially when revisiting nature compared to revisiting the urban environment [49]. Even though we did not measure health effects, it is important to include in this discussion the notion of “dose” in relation to the retreat. Three days would have had a more significant impact than one day, and it is likely that more generally health benefits from nature experiences are closely dependent on the dose [50, 51]. For example, both frequency and duration seem to play an important role when targeting depressive patients in urban regions [50].

4.7No“business-center”

While the retreat was consistent with other professional retreats in length of time (2 nights, 3 days), many of its other features were uncommon. Only six people attended the retreat and it was located on a small island. The bulk of the retreat was held out of doors, in nature and not at a conference center. As there was no “business center,” there were no Powerpoint or other technologically-mediated presentations. Individuals shared rooms and bathrooms looking out to nature and the sea. They assisted with setting out and cleaning up prepared meals and stayed in close proximately to one another throughout the retreat time.

During the workshops where individuals were asked to spend time alone, they could often be seen by others, maintaining a sense of intimacy, safety and togetherness.

The group bonding that occurred at the retreat had a spillover effect. Each researcher has indicated through email and other discussions, a desire to develop a further retreat and to continue studying and refining the themes of the first. Memories of the retreat appear overwhelmingly positive and words including, “de-stressing,” and “relaxing” are often used in the text analyses.

4.8Revitalization from nature interplay

Our research presents new possible pathways of implementation for nature and art-related activities in researchers’ lives. The retreat, which was notably chosen by the participants themselves, allowed the researchers to share their backgrounds, their ways of looking at critical life issues, and both the mental space and social setting to test ideas and follow digressions from topic to topic. The retreat also allowed for a freedom of mind and body that brought the researchers both rest and reinvigoration.

Integrating art-related activities was equally vital. Creativity and problem-solving are common human attributes [52]. However, in striving to incentivize and support good research, interventions and programs generally target skills and tools rather than supporting the researchers’ innate capacities. As compared with indoor creative activities targetted toward the alleviation of burnout, [26] outdoor activities seem to be able to provide self-care to a broader and perhaps also deeper extent because they involve senses that are triggered and evoked from interplay with nature [37]. Outdoor and nature activities have also received considerable attention in relation to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. The global pandemic reminds us of the co-evolution of humans and nature and that“we are part of and not separate from nature” [53].

4.9Tuning into primitive parts

Participation in the research has been a process that has allowed researchers to interact more authentically with one another, and has opened up the possibility of developing this article and working further together. The experience of the nature and art-related activities and relating to one another in a different way, has created a foundation of embodied knowledge and trust both in each other and in the process of research: “we will handle this”, “we will find new directions together”. In this, we would argue that it is essential that such interventions are nature-based, in order that we are able to ‘tune in’ to the primitive parts of ourselves. In nature, we cannot maintain our facades: nature presents us with contrasts to our urban academic lives, it can be upside down, unstructured, not designed, not owned.

4.10Communication health in a new way

Studies show that post-retreat health benefits can span from immediate effects up to five years post-retreat [50]. As we have seen in this study, the population was small and may have therefore given the group a sense of intimacy from both sharing and connecting strongly. The importance of sharing a workshop that had previously been embodied by one of the researchers participating may also have played a part in establishing intimacy and trust: letting each participant contribute an activity may be a key to the success of the intervention. When people do not know each other beforehand, this could provide a link into new possible health solutions. As noted, the participants did not talk about their physical health and effects, this was not the focus even though the explicit purpose of the retreat was to ‘take care’ of the researcher.

4.11Nature and art in the curriculum of academic life

When evaluating retreats, factors such as sharing and connecting seem to be as important as well-being and health. Even though this is a small sample size study, with a short follow-up, it would be valuable to take these results forward and the questions they raise, as research-based retreats become more popular in the quest to halt the epidemic of workplace stress and burnout. A futher contribution of this study is to argue that we need to develop new or extended vocabularies regarding available interventions to be able to investigate the researchers well-being in the future. We know that intellectual sparks are energizing and appear to foster creativity, and the ability to discover inner unseen images, in this study evoqued from nature and arts, is also at the heart of the research process [17, 52]. This is why nature visits and retreats may need to be better represented in the curriculum of academic life.

Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, academia (as well as society at large) has been forced to adjust to physical distancing regulations, and develop new teaching activities mainly towards online learning (UNESCO 2020). Also, as research projects have been halted, the direction of funding has changed [54], increasing stress in professionals in higher education and research, such retreats (and potentially also online versions) could be useful for managing through the pandemic and afterwards [53].

4.12Limitations

The study has its apparent limitations. The sample is small and selection criteria of the participants was through proclaimed interest in this type of activities. Also, the retreat was a one-time activity, and participants were not followed during an extensive period of time. Thus, these activities would be fruitful features to be explored in subsequent studies of the subject. A randomized sample intervention research design with control group could give even more new insights on the impact of nature-related activities for researchers and also for post-COVID-19 stress-related disorders in academia.