Affiliations: Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
Correspondence:
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Corresponding author: Maury A. Nussbaum, Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech, 250 Durham Hall (0118), Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA. Tel.: +1 540 231 6053; Fax: +1 540 231 3322; E-mail:nussbaum@vt.edu
Abstract:
BACKGROUND: Concerns have been raised regarding the high
prevalence of musculoskeletal symptoms (MSS) among manual material handling
(MMH) workers. However, limited investigations have been undertaken among
one large group of workers using a particular MMH method called posterior
load carriage (PLC). This is typically done without the use of a backpack in
developing countries, and involves exposure to known risk factors for MSS
such as heavy loads, non-neutral postures, and high levels of repetition. OBJECTIVES: To 1) determine the types and prevalence of MSS among
PLC workers and the impacts of these MSS on workers, 2) explore job demands
potentially contributing to MSS, and (3) obtain input from workers regarding
possible improvements to facilitate future interventions. METHODS: Structured interview applied to 108 workers to assess PLC
worker characteristics and job demands in eight cities in Indonesia. RESULTS: MSS were reported in all anatomical regions evaluated,
with symptoms most commonly reported at the lower back (72.2%), feet
(69.4%), knees (64%), shoulders (47.2%), and neck (41.7%).
Logistic regression indicated that MSS in the lower back were associated
with longer work hours/day, MSS in the hands were associated with load mass,
and MSS in the ankles/feet were associated with stature and load carriage
frequency. MSS were reported to interfere with daily activity, but only few
workers sought medical treatment. Possible improvements included the use of
a belt, hook, or backpack/frame, and changes in the carriage method. CONCLUSIONS: The study suggests that PLC workers incur a relatively
high MSS burden. Future studies are needed to develop and evaluate practical
interventions and specific guidelines to improve working conditions and
occupational health and safety for PLC workers.
Keywords: Low back pain, prevalence, ergonomics, Nordic questionnaire, developing country
