Yes-associated protein gene overexpression regulated by β-catenin promotes gastric cancer cell tumorigenesis
Abstract
BACKGROUND:
Yes-associated protein (YAP) has been reported to act as a candidate human oncogene and played a critical role in the development of multiple cancer types.
OBJECTIVE:
We aimed to investigate the expression, function, and underlying mechanisms of YAP in gastric cancer (GC).
METHODS:
Expression levels of YAP in gastric tissues were tested. CCK8 assay, clonogenic assay, apoptosis assay, transwell assay, cell scratch assay and animal study were conducted to explore the function of YAP. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay and luciferase reporter assay were performed to explore the underlying mechanism. Survival analysis was carried out to reveal the relationship between YAP and clinical outcome.
RESULTS:
YAP was upregulated in gastric cancer tissues and correlates with poor prognosis. YAP could promote GC cells proliferation, metastatic capacity, inhibit GC cells apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. Both
CONCLUSIONS:
YAP overexpression is driven by aberrant Wnt
1.Introduction
Gastric cancer (GC) is the fourth most common cancer and the second highest cause of cancer-related mortality in the world [1]. Despite many years of significant advances in early detection and treatment, the majority of patients with GC are diagnosed at an advanced, unresectable stage, resulting in poor prognosis [2]. Thus it is highly desirable to establish new therapeutic target and more effective strategy in gastric cancer therapy.
Hippo signaling pathway is highly conserved and regulates tissue stability, controls organ size and governs stem cell self-renewal [3, 4, 5]. Hippo signaling pathway’s major downstream target is Yes-associated protein (YAP). YAP promotes cell proliferation, inhibits cellular apoptosis and suppresses cancer immunity [6, 7, 8, 9]. YAP has recently been identified as a potential human oncogene and plays a key role in the genesis and tumorigenesis, including gastric cancer [10, 11, 12]. However, the relationship between YAP, as well as Hippo pathway, and the prognosis of GC patients have not been thoroughly investigated.
Although it appears that direct mutations in the Hippo pathway are infrequent, multiple cancer-related signaling networks interact with the Hippo pathway in regulatory crosstalk, generally at YAP onco-protein level [13, 14]. Yap is hyper-activated in multiple cancers [15]. Wnt/
In this study, we investigated the expression of YAP in gastric cancer and the role YAP played in proliferation, apoptosis, migration and invasion. Furthermore, we found
2.Material and methods
2.1Clinical samples
The study complied with the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the Ethics Committees of the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University. Legally effective informed consent was gained from all patients. Training set contains 28 GC samples and adjacent normal tissues collected from the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University between July 2010 and September 2013, while validation set contains 101 gastric cancer samples from the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University between July 2007 and August 2012. None of these patients received neoadjuvant therapy prior to surgery.
2.2Immunohistochemistry (IHC)
Embedded tumor tissues were sliced to 4 mm thick, and then dewaxed. After heat-induced antigen retrieval in citrate buffer, 3% hydrogen peroxide was used. Slices were then incubated at 4
2.3Cell culture and transfection
Gastric cancer cell lines that including SGC-7901, MGC803, BGC-823 used in our study were obtained from China Center Type Culture Collection (CCTCC, Shanghai, China). Invasion ability varied from high to low as such sequence: MGC-803, BGC-823 to SGC-7901. BGC-823 was cultured in RPMI 1640 while SGC-7901 and MGC803 cell lines were cultured in DMEM, supplementing with heat-inactivated FBS. Plasmids encoding YAP shRNA were purchased from Guangzhou RiboBio (RiboBio, Guangzhou, China). Plasmid transfection was performed with Lipofectamine 2000 transfection reagent (Invitrogen). Briefly, gastric cancer cells were seeded in 60-mm dishes to be at 50–70% confluence on the day of transfection and the medium was changed 24 h post-transfection. Plasmids and Lipofectamine 2000 were mixed and incubated for 5 min. Complexes were added together and incubated for 20 min. Silencing of proteins was monitored for 72 h after transfection by western blot analysis.
2.4qRT-PCR
Total RNA was isolated using the TRIzol reagent (Invitrogen). To obtain cDNAs, M-MLV reverse transcriptase (Promega) and OligodT primers (Sangon, Shanghai) were used for reverse transcription. The primers for YAP forward were 5’-GCA ACT CCA ACC AGC AGC AACA-3’ and for YAP reverse were 5’-CGC AGC CTC TCC TTC TCC ATCTG-3’. All samples were examined in triplicates.
2.5Western blot
Cells were seeded in and cultured in 6-well plates before Western blot. Then we extracted total proteins and separated them on 10% sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels. After that , we conducted western blot as described previously [20], using goat anti-mouse IgG (Santa Cruz Biotechnology).
2.6Subcellular fractionation
We transferred cells from plates into fractionation buffer then lysed all cells by passing cell suspension with needle repeatedly. Then we leaved cell suspension on ice for 20 min. After that, we centrifuged samples, transferred the supernatant and kept them on ice and washed nuclear pellet and disperse the pellet. After centrifuging the pellet again, supernatant was discarded, while the pellet containing nuclei was retained. Then we resuspended the pellet and centrifuge the supernatant.
2.7CCK8 assay
We use Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK8) detection kit (KeyGEN, Jiangsu, China) to measure SGC-7901 and BGC-823 cells proliferation. After transfection, cells were planted in 96-well plates at a concentration of 2000 cells per well. CCK-8 solution was applied to each well and incubated at 37
2.8Clonogenic assay
Three days after transfection, BGC-823 and SGC-7901 cells were cultured and collected. After that, cells were plated into 6-well plates (800 cells/well). Cells were washed and fixed for 60 min after being incubated in a 5% CO
2.9Apoptosis assay
Apoptosis was evaluated by Flow cytometry analyses and fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS), using the Annexin V-APC staining method (Apoptosis Detection Kit, MBL, Japan). Briefly, after trypsinization, cells were resuspended in a centrifuge tube. Unbound supernatant was then removed by a centrifugal wash and stained by Annexin V-APC.
2.10Transwell assay
BGC823 and SGC7901 cells were plated onto 24-well MilliCell chambers (Millipore, Bedford, MA, USA) at a count of 1*10
2.11Cell scratch assay
A scratch wound experiment was used to test the ability of cells to disseminate and migrate. After transfection with YAP shRNA, we plated BGC823 and SGC7901 cells into 12-well tissue culture dishes which were coated coverslips. Then we draw a linear wound. Twenty-four hours later, we observed cells with microscope and measured them with software.
2.12Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay
ChIP assays were performed according to the product instructions using the ChIP Assay Kit (P2078, Beyotime, China). Briefly, the samples were sonicated and immunoprecipitated in rotating overnight at 4
2.13Luciferase reporter assay
In order to study whether
2.14Animal study
The Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Nanjing Medical University (Nanjing, China) approved the animal study, which followed to the standards for the ethical review of laboratory animal welfare People’s Republic of China National Standard GB/T 3589218. Four-Five weeks old BALB/c nude mice were utilized in this study. For tumor formation assay, a total of 1
2.15Statistical analysis
Statistical analysis was performed by SPSS 22.0 software (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL). All of the data were presented as Means
3.Results
Figure 1.
YAP is upregulated in GC tissues and correlates with poor prognosis. x100. (A) Expressions of YAP in gastric cancer and corresponding adjacent non-tumor tissues detected by immunohistochemistry in training set. (B) Subcellular localization of YAP expression in 28 gastric cancer and corresponding adjacent non-tumor tissues. (C) Expressions of YAP in gastric cancer and corresponding adjacent non-tumor tissues detected by immunohistochemistry in validation set. (D) Kaplan-Meier analysis of overall survival time in 28 gastric cancer patients according to YAP expression.
3.1YAP is upregulated in GC tissues and correlates with poor prognosis
The expressions of YAP in GC and corresponding adjacent non-tumor tissues (ANT) were detected by IHC in our training set. We combined the fraction of positively stained tumor cells and the intensity of staining to calculate the fluorescence. Point 0 indicated negative, point 1–4 indicated weak positive (+), point 5–8 indicated medium positive (++) and point 9–13 indicated strong positive (+++). The cut off value of high-YAP and low-YAP was set as 4. YAP was significantly upregulated in GC tissues compared with ANTs (Fig. 1A). In detail, YAP positive staining was found in 26 of 28 GC samples and were demonstrated to be localized in cytoplasm (5 cases), nucleus (16 cases) and both (5 cases), respectively (Fig. 1A and B). Whereas, extremely weak levels of YAP were detected only in the cytoplasm of 13 ANTs (Fig. 1A and B). To verify the role of YAP in GC, we investigated the potential associations between YAP levels and GC patients’ overall survival in our validation set. The patients were then divided into high-YAP and low-YAP groups according to their tumor YAP staining score (Fig. 1C and D). As shown in Fig. 1D, patients with high YAP expression in GC tissues had significantly worse prognosis than those with low YAP expression. Cox regression analysis of YAP expression and clinicpathologic variables in predicting OS of GC patients were shown in Table 1, and the results indicated that YAP might be an independent indicator for GC prognosis. Taken together, our results indicate that YAP is an oncogenic protein in GC.
Table 1
Cox regression analysis of YAP expression and clinicpathologic variables in predicting OS of GC patients
| Variables | Univariate analysis | Multivariate analysis | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR | 95% CI |
| HR | 95% CI |
| |
| Age | ||||||
| | 0.81 | 0.51–1.30 | 0.377 | 0.72 | 0.44–1.18 | 0.191 |
| Gender | ||||||
| Female vs. Male | 1.12 | 0.67–1.89 | 0.655 | 1.42 | 0.80–2.54 | 0.233 |
| Histology | ||||||
| Non-adenocarcinoma vs. adenocarcinoma | 0.75 | 0.36–1.58 | 0.453 | 0.68 | 0.31–1.46 | 0.322 |
| Differentiation | ||||||
| Poor Vs. well and moderate | 2.31 | 0.84–6.36 | 0.106 | 1.49 | 0.50–4.43 | 0.475 |
| Tumor size | ||||||
| | 0.94 | 0.57–1.55 | 0.805 | 0.91 | 0.53–1.55 | 0.732 |
| TNM stage | ||||||
| IV Vs. III | 2.59 | 1.47–4.56 | 0.001 | 4.13 | 2.14–7.95 | |
| Vascular invasion | ||||||
| Yes Vs. no | 1.47 | 0.92–2.34 | 0.108 | 0.93 | 0.49–1.77 | 0.824 |
| Nerval invasion | ||||||
| Yes Vs. no | 1.76 | 1.10–2.82 | 0.018 | 1.84 | 0.94–3.60 | 0.078 |
| YAP | ||||||
| High Vs. low | 3.08 | 1.57–6.04 | 0.001 | 3.58 | 1.74–7.37 | 0.001 |
Figure 2.
YAP promotes GC cells proliferation in vitro. (A) The expression of YAP in SGC7901 and BGC823 cells. (B) The expression of YAP mRNA after transfected with YAP shRNA by RT-PCR in SGC7901 and BGC823 cells. (C) The expression of YAP protein after transfected with YAP shRNA by Western blot in SGC7901 and BGC823 cells. (D) Growth curves for control and YAP-shRNA silencing SGC7901 and BGC823 cells determined by CCK-8 assays. (E) Total number of colonies in SGC7901 and BGC823 cells transfected with negative control, shRNA control and YAP-shRNA by clonogenic assay.
3.2YAP promotes GC cells proliferation in vitro
To investigate the biological functions of YAP in vitro, we then evaluated the endogenous level of YAP in GC cells lines by western blotting and qRT-PCR. As shown in Fig. 2A, YAP was highly expressed in SGC7901 and BGC823 cells. We designed YAP-shRNA1,YAP-shRNA2, YAP-shRNA3 and YAP-shRNA4, which targeting different end of YAP transcript. By screening, we found that YAP-shRNA4 presented the highest knockdown efficiency of YAP in SGC7901 with inhibition rate of 55%, while YAP-shRNA2 possessed the vigorous inhibition efficiency in BGC823 with inhibition rate of 75% (Fig. 2B and C). In the CCK8 assays, we found that downregulation of YAP lead to decrease in the proliferation ability of GC cells (Fig. 2D). Furthermore, YAP knockdown significantly suppressed clone formation ability in vitro (Fig. 2E). Taken together, our results indicate that YAP enhances the proliferation capacity in vitro.
Figure 3.
Knockdown YAP1 promotes SGC7901 and BGC823 cells apoptosis in vitro. (A) YAP-shRNA induced cell apoptosis of SGC-7901 and BGC-823 cells detected by flow cytometry. (B) Rate of apoptosis cells of SGC-7901 and BGC-823 transfected with shRNA control and YAP-shRNA. (C) Expression of Bcl-xl, Bcl-2, Bax, pro-caspase8, cleaved-caspase8, pro-caspase9, cleaved-caspase9, cleaved-caspase3 detected by Western blot.
3.3YAP inhibits GC cells apoptosis in vitro
To investigate the role of YAP in GC cell apoptosis, the apoptotic cells were detected by FACS technology. As shown in Fig. 3A and B, suppression of YAP significantly promoted cell apoptosis in SGC7901 and BGC823. Furthermore, the abundance of cleaved-caspase8, cleaved-caspase3 and Bax were markedly increased upon YAP knockdown, while the levels of Bcl-xl and Bcl-2 were downregulated (Fig. 3C and D). Taken together, our results indicate that YAP knockdown promotes GC cells apoptosis in vitro.
Figure 4.
YAP1 enhances the metastatic capacity of GC cells in vitro. (A) Migration capabilities of SGC7901 and BGC823 cells assessed by scratch wound assay. (B) Relative migration rate of SGC7901 and BGC823 cells assessed by scratch wound assay. (C) Invasion assay of SGC7901 and BGC823 cells transfected with shRNA control and YAP-shRNA. (D) Relative invasion activity of SGC7901 and BGC823 cells transfected with shRNA control and YAP-shRNA. (E) Expression of E-cadherin and vimentin of SGC7901 and BGC823 cells transfected with shRNA control and YAP-shRNA detected by Western blot.
3.4YAP1 enhances the metastatic capacity of GC cells in vitro
To investigate whether YAP had a functional role in cell metastasis, the wound healing and transwell assays were conducted. As shown in Fig. 4A–D, the migration abilities of SGC7901 and BGC823 cells were significantly decreased when YAP was knockdown. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is essential for GC metastasis. In our study, we found that reducing YAP expressions substantially increased the E-cadherin (epithelial marker) levels, while decreased the vimentin (mesenchymal marker) levels (Fig. 4E). Taken together, our results indicate that YAP promotes the metastatic capacity of GC cells via EMT pathway.
Figure 5.
3.5β
To investigate the effect of
Figure 6.
3.6β
We then performed the ChIP assay to demonstrate whether
Figure 7.
YAP promotes GC cells proliferation and metastasis in vivo. (A) Analysis of tumor growth in vivo by injecting YAP stable knockdown BGC823 cells and control cells into nude mice. (B) Analysis of lung colonization by injecting YAP stable knockdown BGC823 cells and control cells into the tail vein of nude mice.
3.7YAP promotes GC cells proliferation and metastasis in vivo
We next used an athymic (nu/nu) animal model to investigate the role of YAP in proliferation induction. We injected YAP stable knockdown BGC823 cells or control cells into nude mice to see if YAP affected GC cell carcinogenesis in vivo. Tumors generated by stable knockdown cells of YAP were significantly smaller than those generated by control cells (Fig. 7A). We then investigated the role YAP played in lung colonization by tail veins injection. Mice injected with YAP stable knockdown BGC823 cells had a lower lung metastatic burden (Fig. 7B).
4.Discussion
Hippo pathway could regulate cell growth, division and death, making it a major target in cancer dysregulation. YAP is reported as an important component of Hippo signaling pathway [21, 22]. Here we observed that YAP was significantly expressed in GC, especially in nuclear, which is consistent with previous studies [23, 24, 25]. The findings indicated that YAP might play a role in the development of gastric cancer.
YAP may promote breast cancer cell growth by increasing the expression of cyclin D1 [26]. YAP signaling could also regulated autophagy and promoted cancer metastasis in triple negative breast cancer [27]. The aberrant activation of Hippo signaling pathway’s downstream effectors YAP or TAZ has been identified as an attractive target in liver cancer [28]. Activation of LATS2/YAP pathway could also promote migration and invasion of non-small-cell lung cancer cell [29]. Here we found that YAP promotes gastric cells proliferation, inhibits gastric cells apoptosis and enhances the metastatic capacity of GC cells in vitro. We also found the YAP could promote GC cells proliferation and metastasis in vivo. Our results are consistent with previous literatures [30, 31].
Ability to evade apoptosis has been recognized as a characteristic of tumorigenesis [32]. Mechanismly, we found that GC cells apoptosis by silencing YAP might be induced by the down-regulation of Bcl-xL, Bcl-2 and up-regulation of Bax and cleaved caspase 3, caspase 8. As we all know, caspase family is associated with cell death [33]. Caspase deficiency has been identified as a cause of tumour development [34]. The Bcl-2 family contains several essential apoptotic regulators. Among these, Bcl-xL and Bcl-2 prevent cells from entering apoptosis, whereas Bax induce cell death [33]. These results indicate that YAP inhibition affect GC cell proliferation and apoptosis at least partly via regulating the expression of Bcl-2, Bax and caspase.
Ability of invasion and metastasis has been recognized as another characteristic of tumorigenesis. EMT (epithelial to mesenchymal transition) event is now considered as an important factor associated with invasion and metastasis in cancer progression [35]. Epithelial cell could loosen adhesion structures, change their polarity, or rearrange their cytoskeleton [36]. In the process they expressed vimentin and downregulated E-cadherin [36]. Here we found that downregulated YAP expression could inhibit migration and invasion of GC cells and increased E-cadherin level and decreased vimentin level. These results indicate that YAP promotes GC cell metastatic capacity via EMT pathway.
Despite the fact that gene mutations in Hippo pathway seem to be rare, the activity of the Hippo pathway is clearly affected by crosstalk with signaling pathways [37]. Multiple cancer-associated signaling networks have been shown to interact with the Hippo pathway functionally, including the Notch, WNT, Hedgehog (HH), insulin, TGF
5.Conclusion
Taken together, we observed that YAP was elevated in GC tissues and was associated with worse prognosis. YAP could promote proliferation, inhibit apoptosis and enhance the metastatic capacity in GC cells and in vivo. We also found that both
Acknowledgments
This research was funded by the Advanced health talent of Six-One Project of Jiangsu province (grant number: LGY2017069).
Conflict of interest
The authors report no conflicts of interest related to this work.
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