Affiliations: [a] Heriot-Watt University, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Edinburgh, UK | [b] University of Edinburgh, School of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Prostate Research Group, Edinburgh, UK | [c] Western General Hospital, Department of Urology, Edinburgh, UK | [d] Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, CCLRC, Didcot, Oxfordshire, UK | [x] Mechanical Engineering Faculty, Laboratory for Materials Technology, University of Applied Science, Regensburg, Germany | [y] University Clinic, Department of Traumatology, Regensburg, Germany
Correspondence:
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Address for correspondence: T.H.J. Yang, Heriot-Watt University School of Engineering and Physical Sciences (Mechanical Engineering), Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, Scotland, UK. Tel.: +44 131 4514343; Fax: +44 131 4513129; E-mail: T.H.J.Yang@hw.ac.uk.
Abstract: In vitro macro- and micro-indentation test systems have been designed to measure the dynamic micro-mechanical properties of human prostate tissues at actuation frequencies between 5 Hz and 30 Hz, and 0.5 Hz and 20 Hz, respectively. The development of in vitro test systems was aimed at assessing the capacity of such an in vivo medical probe to provide information useful for the diagnosis of various prostate diseases. The macro-indentation test system is an established one, which we have used to determine structure-property relationships in human and canine prostate tissues and here we use it to validate a newly-developed micro-indentation test system using a tissue phantom. Mechanical testing was also carried out on sections of prostate tissue harvested from cystectomy and radical prostatectomy, diagnosed with bladder cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia. Dynamic probing under displacement control was carried at pre-strains between 5% and 8% for macro-probing and at 5% pre-strain for micro-probing, and the general effect of pre-strain on the dynamic mechanical properties (described by the amplitude ratio between stress and strain, and the phase lag between strain and stress) of phantom and prostate tissues is presented. Specific point probing on epithelial and stromal histological components was also carried out showing a significant difference between the amplitude ratios of epithelial and stromal components for actuation frequencies exceeding 5 Hz. However, no significant difference was found between phase lags for epithelial and stromal tissues.
