Affiliations: [a] Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Electronics and Information, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| [b] B.M.Tech Worldwide Ltd. Co., Seongnam, Republic of Korea
Correspondence:
[*]
Corresponding author: Tae-Seong Kim, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Electronics and Information, Kyung Hee University, 1732, Deogyeong-daero, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17104, Republic of Korea. Tel./Fax: +82 31 201 3731; E-mail: tskim@khu.ac.kr.
Note: [1] Mugahed A. Al-antari and Mohammed A. Al-masni contributed equally to this work.
Abstract: BACKGROUND:In general, the image quality of high and low energy images of dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) suffers from noise due to the use of a small amount of X-rays. Denoising of DXA images could be a key process to improve a bone mineral density map, which is derived from a pair of high and low energy images. This could further improve the accuracy of diagnosis of bone fractures and osteoporosis. OBJECTIVE:This study aims to develop and test a new technology to improve the quality, remove the noise, and preserve the edges and fine details of real DXA images. METHODS:In this study, a denoising technique for high and low energy DXA images using a non-local mean filter (NLM) was presented. The source and detector noises of a DXA system were modeled for both high and low DXA images. Then, the optimized parameters of the NLM filter were derived utilizing the experimental data from CIRS-BFP phantoms. After that, the optimized NLM was tested and verified using the DXA images of the phantoms and real human spine and femur. RESULTS:Quantitative evaluation of the results showed average 24.22% and 34.43% improvement of the signal-to-noise ratio for real high and low spine images, respectively, while the improvements were about 15.26% and 13.55% for the high and low images of the femur. The qualitative visual observations of both phantom and real structures also showed significantly improved quality and reduced noise while preserving the edges in both high and low energy images. Our results demonstrate that the proposed NLM outperforms the conventional method using an anisotropic diffusion filter (ADF) and median techniques for all phantom and real human DXA images. CONCLUSIONS:Our work suggests that denoising via NLM could be a key preprocessing method for clinical DXA imaging.
