Affiliations: [a] School of Computer and Information Technology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| [b] Department of Radiation Oncology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| [c] School of Information and Communication Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| [d] Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
Correspondence:
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Corresponding author: Dr. Zhiwei Qiao, School of Computer and Information Technology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China. E-mail: zqiao@sxu.edu.cn.
Abstract: OBJECTIVES:This work aims to explore more accurate pixel-driven projection methods for iterative image reconstructions in order to reduce high-frequency artifacts in the generated projection image. METHODS:Three new pixel-driven projection methods namely, small-pixel-large-detector (SPLD), linear interpolation based (LIB) and distance anterpolation based (DAB), were proposed and applied to reconstruct images. The performance of these methods was evaluated in both two-dimensional (2D) computed tomography (CT) images via the modified FORBILD phantom and three-dimensional (3D) electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) images via the 6-spheres phantom. Specifically, two evaluations based on projection generation and image reconstruction were performed. For projection generation, evaluation was using a 2D disc phantom, the modified FORBILD phantom and the 6-spheres phantom. For image reconstruction, evaluations were performed using the FORBILD and 6-spheres phantom. During evaluation, 2 quantitative indices of root-mean-square-error (RMSE) and contrast-to-noise-ratio (CNR) were used. RESULTS:Comparing to the use of ordinary pixel-driven projection method, RMSE of the SPLD based least-square algorithm was reduced from 0.0701 to 0.0384 and CNR was increased from 5.6 to 19.47 for 2D FORBILD phantom reconstruction. For 3D EPRI, RMSE of SPLD was also reduced from 0.0594 to 0.0498 and CNR was increased from 3.88 to 11.58. In addition, visual evaluation showed that images reconstructed in both 2D and 3D images suffered from high-frequency line-shape artifacts when using the ordinary pixel-driven projection method. However, using 3 new methods all suppressed the artifacts significantly and yielded more accurate reconstructions. CONCLUSIONS:Three proposed pixel-driven projection methods achieved more accurate iterative image reconstruction results. These new and more accurate methods can also be easily extended to other imaging modalities. Among them, SPLD method should be recommended to 3D and four dimensional (4D) EPR imaging.
Keywords: Accurate pixel-driven projection, iterative image reconstruction, computed tomography, electron paramagnetic resonance imaging
