Affiliations: [a] Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA | [b] SIMmersion LLC., Columbia, MD, USA | [c] Department of Family Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA | [d] Center of Innovation for Complex Chronic Healthcare, Hines VA Hospital, Hines, IL, USA | [e] Department of Veteran Affairs, Yale School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, West Haven, CT, USA
Correspondence:
[*]
Address for correspondence: Dr. Matthew J. Smith, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern
University Feinberg School of Medicine, 710 N. Lake Shore Dr., Abbott Hall 13th floor, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
Tel.: +1 312 503 2542; Fax: +1 312 503 0527; matthewsmith@northwestern.edu
Abstract:
BACKGROUND: Veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have low employment rates and the job interview presents a critical barrier for them to obtain competitive employment. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the acceptability and efficacy of virtual reality job interview training (VR-JIT) among veterans with PTSD via a small randomized controlled trial (n = 23 VR-JIT trainees, n = 10 waitlist treatment-as-usual (TAU) controls). METHODS: VR-JIT trainees completed up to 10 hours of simulated job interviews and reviewed information and tips about job interviewing, while wait-list TAU controls received services as usual. Primary outcome measures included two pre-test and two post-test video-recorded role-play interviews scored by blinded human resource experts and self-reported interviewing self-confidence. RESULTS: Trainees attended 95% of lab-based VR-JIT sessions and found the intervention easy-to-use, helpful, and prepared them for future interviews. VR-JIT trainees demonstrated significantly greater improvement on role-play interviews compared with wait-list TAU controls (p = 0.04) and demonstrated a large effect for within-subject change (Cohen’s d = 0.76). VR-JIT performance scores increased significantly over time (R-Squared = 0.76). Although VR-JIT trainees showed a moderate effect for within-subject change on self-confidence (Cohen’s d = 0.58), the observed difference between conditions did not reach significance (p = 0.09).
CONCLUSIONS: Results provide preliminary support that VR-JIT is acceptable to trainees and may be efficacious for improving job interview skills and self-confidence in veterans with PTSD.
Keywords: Veterans, virtual reality training, job interview skills, vocational training
