Affiliations: Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of
Washington and Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington, WA, USA | Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of
Washington and Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington, WA, USA
Note: [] Corresponding author: Susan D. Apkon, Department of
Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington and Seattle Children's
Hospital, M/S OB-8414, Box 5371, Seattle, WA 98145-5005, USA. Tel.: +1 206 987
6633; E-mail: Susan.apkon@seattlechildrens.org
Abstract: This paper provides a broad review of bone health issues in children
with neuromuscular diseases (NMD). As Duchenne muscular dystrophy is the most
common neuromuscular disease of childhood, there is a strong emphasis on this.
This paper reviews the incidence of fractures, the degree of the reduced bone
mineral density, the risk factors associated with this common problem, and the
non-pharmacological and pharmacological treatment options. Recommendations for
monitoring and treatment are provided.
