Behavioural Impairment and Frontotemporal Dementia in Oculopharyngeal Muscular Dystrophy
Abstract
Some patients with Oculopharyngeal Muscular Dystrophy (OPMD) develop frontotemporal dementia (FTD). The prevalence and clinical correlates of behavioural impairment, including FTD, is unknown in OPMD.
24 OPMD patients and their proxies completed a questionnaire concerning behavioural impairment (ALS-FTD-Q). We examined proportions with mild or severe behavioural changes, according to validated cut-off proxy scores. We examined correlations with the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), the Short Form Health Survey (SF-36), motor symptoms, genotype and disease duration.
In this small patient sample, behavioural impairment was present in 29%of OPMD patients; in 17%the severity of symptoms was compatible with bvFTD. Correlations were small to medium.
INTRODUCTION
Oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy (OPMD) is a hereditary muscular dystrophy caused by a GCN-repeat expansion in the Poly-Adenylate-Binding-Protein-Nuclear 1 gene (PABPN1) [1]. Typically, OPMD patients show ptosis, dysphagia and limb-girdle weakness. Brain involvement, characterized by frontotemporal lobe degeneration [2], may occur in a proportion of patients with OPMD. Case reports of patients with OPMD described behavioural and cognitive changes, including executive dysfunction, apathy and visual hallucinations [3], which may hamper daily functioning and can be classified as frontotemporal dementia (FTD) in some cases [4]. A neuropsychological study in 11 patients with OPMD showed mild executive dysfunction and a correlation between MMSE scores and GCN-repeat length [3]. In another study, psychosis was reported in a subset of seven out of 10 patients with a homozygous GCN-[13/13] repeat [2].
Based on these previous reports, the extent and severity of behavioural changes in OPMD, including behavioural variant FTD (bvFTD; a clinical syndrome characterized by progressive deterioration of behaviour and personality), could be substantial, clinically relevant and related to GCN-repeat length, but this has not been systematically evaluated.
We examined the prevalence and severity, as well as the clinical and genetic correlates of behavioural changes including bvFTD, in a cohort of patients with genetically defined OPMD.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Participants
Patients with genetically confirmed OPMD were recruited from the national neuromuscular database (CRAMP) in the Netherlands [5]. Proxies (spouses or other family members who were able to judge the patient’s behaviour) were asked to participate. Exclusion criteria were: a) inability to speak or write Dutch fluently, b) current or past other neurological disorders with central nervous system involvement, and c) unavailability of a proxy.
Standard protocol approvals, registrations, and patient consents
The local ethics committee of the participating hospital approved the study. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants.
Questionnaires
ALS-FTD-Q
The ALS-FTD-Q is an observer reported scale filled out by the proxy of a patient (http://www.alsftdq.nl). The ALS-FTD-Q is a validated instrument for detecting behavioural changes related to bvFTD in patients with ALS, and is described in detail elsewhere [6]. The items of the ALS-FTD-Q are phrased to minimalize impact of motor and speech dysfunction. The ALS-FTD-Q aims to assess various domains of behaviour (e.g. disinhibition, apathy, executive dysfunction, emotional expression, social behaviour/empathy). For this study, we used previously validated cut off scores of <22 (no behavioural impairment), ≥22 and <29 (mild behavioural change) and ≥29 (severe behavioural change, compatible with a diagnosis bv-FTD). By means of an exploratory part of the study, the patients filled in the ALS-FTD-Q as well, in order to obtain a measure of the patients’ perception of their own behavioural impairments.
To examine associations of behavioural impairment (as scored by proxies) with symptoms of anxiety/depression, quality of life, and motor and speech impairment, we used the following questionnaires which were filled out by the patients:
1) Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Scores of 0–7 are normal, scores of 8–10 are borderline abnormal, and scores of 11 or higher are indicative of clinically relevant affective symptoms [7].
2) SF-36. This generic Quality of life questionnaire consists of eight subscales. Scores are presented per subscale and have a maximum score of 100. A higher score corresponds with better quality of life (QoL) [8].
3) Dutch dysarthria investigation for adults; a validated 7-item questionnaire on dysarthria symptoms, with a 5-point scale (scores 0–4) and a maximum score of 28. A higher score corresponds with more severe dysarthria [9].
4) Swallowing questionnaire; a 6-item questionnaire with 4/5/6-point scales (scores 0–5) and a maximum score of 24. A higher score corresponds with more severe problems with swallowing [10].
Procedure
Following written informed consent, participants received an invitation by e-mail using Castor, a digital facility enabling participants to fill in the questionnaires online at home [11]. Participants without access to the internet received the questionnaires by postal mail.
The patients completed all the questionnaires and the proxies only completed the ALS-FTD-Q.
GCN repeat length of the PABPN1 gene was collected from clinical files.
Statistical analysis
We calculated the number of patients with abnormal proxy scores on the ALS-FTD-Q using the aforementioned cut-off values. To examine associations between behavioural changes and affective symptoms, quality of life, motor symptoms, genotype and disease duration, we calculated Spearman correlation coefficients (ρ) of ALS-FTD-Q scores with scores of HADS, SF-36, Dutch dysarthria investigation for adults and the Swallowing questionnaire, as well as GCN repeat length and disease duration. Effect sizes were interpreted according to Cohen (ρ= 0.1 small, ρ= 0.3 medium and ρ= 0.5 large) [12].
In an exploratory fashion, differences between the ALS-FTD-Q scores of the proxy and the patient were examined with a Mann-Whitney U test, as a measure of the patients’ insight into behavioural impairment. Analyses were performed in IBM SPSS Statistics 25.
RESULTS
We invited 76 patients (after a first screening of the exclusion criteria), 61 of whom responded, and 25 participated. One patient dropped out due to unexpected health problems. Demographics and results of the remaining 24 patients are shown in Table 1. The participants did not differ significantly from the nonparticipants in terms of sex (p = 0.915) or age (p = 0.204).
Table 1
Demographic, clinical, genetic and behavioural data of OPMD patients
| Case | Sex | Age, y | Age at onset, y | Disease duration, y | GCN expansion a | ALS-FTD-Q score (proxy)* | ALS-FTD-Q score (patient)* | HADS score | SF-36; PF PF score | SF-36; RP score | SF-36; BP score |
| 1 | F | 56 | 50 | 6 | 10/16 GCN | 5 | 22 | 11 / 5 | 65 | 25 | 31 |
| 2 | F | 44 | – | 0 | 10/13 GCN | 0 | 5 | 1 / 0 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
| 3 | M | 71 | 54 | 17 | 10/16 GCN | 24 | 11 | 0 / 3 | 25 | 0 | 100 |
| 4 | M | 57 | 35 | 22 | 12/16 GCN | 58 | 23 | 1 / 0 | – | – | – |
| 5 | F | 71 | 48 | 23 | 10/16 GCN | 11 | 9 | 3 / 4 | 15 | 50 | 84 |
| 6 | F | 61 | 58 | 3 | 10/12 GCN | 30 | 19 | 9 / 7 | 80 | 25 | 62 |
| 7 | F | 66 | 46 | 20 | 10/14 GCN | 13 | 2 | 4 / 3 | 30 | 100 | 51 |
| 8 | F | 65 | 36 | 29 | 10/16 GCN | 8 | 10 | 5 / 3 | 25 | 25 | 74 |
| 9 | F | 58 | 48 | 10 | 10/12 GCN | 1 | 1 | 0 / 0 | 95 | 100 | 84 |
| 10 | F | 53 | 49 | 4 | 10/16 GCN | 13 | 8 | 0 / 1 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
| 11 | F | 57 | 50 | 7 | 10/16 GCN | 9 | 19 | 3 / 6 | 35 | 0 | 41 |
| 12 | F | 57 | 53 | 4 | 10/16 GCN | 2 | 5 | 4 / 2 | 95 | 100 | 100 |
| 13 | F | 58 | 50 | 8 | 10/16 GCN | 22 | 9 | 3 / 4 | 75 | 100 | 74 |
| 14 | M | 61 | 50 | 11 | 10/16 GCN | 31 | 25 | 3 / 13 | 30 | 0 | 41 |
| 15 | F | 55 | 44 | 11 | 10/16 GCN | 10 | 3 | 0 / 3 | 60 | 100 | 100 |
| 16 | M | 65 | 55 | 10 | 10/15 GCN | 39 | 17 | 5 / 4 | 25 | 25 | 41 |
| 17 | M | 54 | 40 | 14 | 10/16 GCN | 22 | 19 | 6 / 13 | 30 | 25 | 32 |
| 18 | F | 58 | – | 0 | 10/16 GCN | 15 | 0 | 1 / 1 | 80 | 100 | 100 |
| 19 | M | 66 | 60 | 6 | 10/14 GCN | 11 | 14 | 2 / 2 | 45 | 100 | 62 |
| 20 | M | 71 | 47 | 24 | 10/14 GCN | 12 | 11 | 7 / 8 | 35 | 25 | 62 |
| 21 | M | 56 | 45 | 11 | 10/16 GCN | 3 | 10 | 4 / 5 | 80 | 75 | 74 |
| 22 | F | 76 | 52 | 24 | 10/13 GCN | 11 | 18 | 3 / 3 | 5 | 0 | 64 |
| 23 | F | 67 | 40 | 27 | 10/14 GCN | 8 | 2 | 5 / 3 | 25 | 50 | 100 |
| 24 | M | 62 | 48 | 14 | 10/13 GCN | 0 | 5 | 0 / 3 | 70 | 100 | 100 |
| Mean (SD): | 61.2 (7.4) | 48.1 (6.4) | 13.3 (8.4) | 14.9 (13.8) | 11.1 (7.6) | 3.3 (2.9) / 4.0 (3.5) | 53.3 (30.4) | 57.6 (41.6) | 72.9 (24.8) | ||
| Correlation with | 0.21, p = 0.334 | 0.18, p = 0. 429 | 0.12, p = 0.574 | 0.31, p = 0.141 | 0.22, p = 0.293 | –0.35, p = 0.104 | –0.39, p = 0.070 | –0.38, p = 0.075 | |||
| ALS-FTD-Q | |||||||||||
F: female; M: male; y: years; a: normal repeat length is 10/10; ALS-FTD-Q = Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Fronto-Temporal Dementia Questionnaire; maximum score = 100; higher scores indicate more behavioural changes; *underlined and bold values indicate mild and severe behavioural changes, respectively. HADS = Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, values represent anxiety and depression subsets, both with maximum score of 21; higher scores indicate more affective symptoms. PF = Physical Functioning; RP = Role Physical; BP = Bodily Pain; SF = Social Functioning; MH = Mental Health; RE = Role Emotional; VT = Vitality; GH = General Health; DDI = Dutch Dysarthria Investigation for adults; maximum score = 28; higher scores indicate more severe dysarthria. Swallowing score; maximum score = 24; higher scores indicate more dysphagia.
| Case | SF-36; SF score | SF-36; MH score | SF-36; RE score | SF-36; VT score | SF-36; GH score | DDI score | Swallowing score |
| 1 | 63 | 52 | 67 | 30 | 25 | 8 | 12 |
| 2 | 100 | 88 | 100 | 85 | 77 | 0 | 0 |
| 3 | 75 | 88 | 100 | 70 | 87 | 0 | 3 |
| 4 | – | – | – | – | – | 6 | 1 |
| 5 | 75 | 92 | 33 | 65 | 77 | 5 | 8 |
| 6 | 88 | 60 | 67 | 40 | 62 | 0 | 7 |
| 7 | 63 | 80 | 100 | 60 | 52 | 2 | 7 |
| 8 | 75 | 88 | 100 | 45 | 77 | 10 | 10 |
| 9 | 100 | 92 | 100 | 90 | 90 | 0 | 2 |
| 10 | 100 | 88 | 100 | 70 | 72 | 0 | 3 |
| 11 | 38 | 80 | 100 | 35 | 67 | 3 | 9 |
| 12 | 100 | 84 | 100 | 75 | 90 | 0 | 6 |
| 13 | 88 | 88 | 100 | 55 | 67 | 3 | 10 |
| 14 | 75 | 88 | 100 | 20 | 30 | 18 | 12 |
| 15 | 75 | 88 | 100 | 30 | 62 | 0 | 6 |
| 16 | 50 | 80 | 100 | 55 | 45 | 6 | 8 |
| 17 | 75 | 76 | 100 | 10 | 25 | 4 | 8 |
| 18 | 100 | 92 | 100 | 80 | 47 | 0 | 6 |
| 19 | 100 | 84 | 100 | 65 | 47 | 15 | 5 |
| 20 | 63 | 64 | 33 | 45 | 67 | 12 | 8 |
| 21 | 88 | 68 | 100 | 30 | 35 | 4 | 8 |
| 22 | 75 | 88 | 0 | 35 | 30 | 6 | 10 |
| 23 | 88 | 84 | 100 | 70 | 67 | 15 | 10 |
| 24 | 100 | 92 | 100 | 80 | 67 | 0 | 2 |
| Mean (SD): | 80.4 (17.6) | 81.9 (11.0) | 87.0 (28.0) | 53.9 (22.4) | 59.4 (20.5) | 4.9 (5.5) | 6.7 (3.4) |
| Correlation with ALS-FTD-Q | –0.36, p = 0.091 | –0.17, p = 0.449 | –0.07, p = 0.737 | –0.34, p = 0.113 | –0.36, p = 0.089 | 0.19, p = 0.370 | 0.12, p = 0.585 |
Based on the ALS-FTD-Q scores as filled in by the proxies, seven out of 24 (29%) patients showed behavioural changes: three patients (12%) had mild, and four patients (17%) had severe behavioural changes compatible with bvFTD. Based on the patients’ scores of the ALS-FTD-Q, three out of 24 (13%) patients showed mild behavioural changes. The ALS-FTD-Q median score of the patients (perception of their own behaviour), as compared to the proxy median score, was 10 (range 0–25) and 11 (range 0–58), respectively (U = 255.5, z = –0.671, p = 0.502).
Correlations between the ALS-FTD-Q of the proxy and the HADS (0.22, p = 0.293), SF-36 subscales (ranging from –0.39 to –0.07, p-values ranging from 0.070 to 0.737; see Table 1 for all subscale correlations), Dutch dysarthria investigation for adults (0.19, p = 0.370), Swallowing questionnaire (0.12, p = 0.585), GCN-repeat (0.31, p = 0.141) and age (0.21, p = 0.334), age at onset (0.18, p = 0.429) and disease duration (0.12, p = 0.574) were small to medium. Three out of 24 patients (13%) scored 11 or higher on the HADS, indicating clinically relevant affective symptoms; of whom two patients had clinically relevant depression scores. Out of these three patients, two also showed behavioural changes (one mild, one severe).
DISCUSSION
This study assessed behavioural impairment and bvFTD in a rare neuromuscular disorder caused by GCN-repeat expansion. The main finding in our sample of 24 patients with OPMD is that in 29%, behavioural changes were observed. In 17%, the severity of the behavioural changes was in the range of bvFTD.
The cited point prevalence of FTD (bvFTD and language variants taken together) of 15–22/100,000 from a 2013 review is considerably higher than the most detailed investigation in a Dutch region which showed a prevalence of 2.7/100.000 [13, 14]. The reasons for this discrepancy are beyond the scope of this discussion. When we presume a prevalence of 10/100.000 in the Netherlands; the a-priori chance of one patient with (bvFTD) in a random sample of 24 people would be 0.0024.
Despite the relatively low number of patients and the high rate of nonparticipating patients, these results further substantiate previous case reports suggesting brain involvement in OPMD [15, 16]. Indeed, frontotemporal atrophy was reported on MRI in single cases of OPMD [3]. Our findings further confirm that in neuromuscular diseases with repeat expansions (C9ORF72-related amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, myotonic dystrophy), brain involvement is a relatively frequent finding [17, 18]. In ALS, the presence of frontotemporal dysfunction is an independent negative predictor of survival, and is related to restricted use of supportive therapies (e.g. feeding tube) [19]. A similar effect of FTD symptoms in OPMD on survival is likely, but should be subject of future research.
Mice and post-mortem human brain studies have also provided evidence for brain involvement in OPMD. In transgenic mice expressing the extended form of human PABPN1, ubiquitin-PABPN1-positive intranuclear aggregates were found in neuronal cells [18]. Fluorescence immunohistochemistry using the same antibodies against PABPN1 on postmortem brain tissue of an OPMD patient showed intra-nuclear inclusions containing PABPN1 in cerebellar neurons (other brain regions were not studied) [20]. These findings of brain involvement in OPMD should be corroborated by future pathological and imaging studies, and related to clinical data (including neuropsychological assessment).
The low correlation between the HADS scores and ALS-FTD-Q scores suggests that not all behavioural impairments detected by the ALS-FTD-Q can be related to affective symptoms, which in turn were in the severe range in 13%in our sample [6]. Thus, in addition to bvFTD symptoms, clinicians should be aware of symptoms of a depression in patients with OPMD.
Our study did not find a correlation between behavioural impairment and repeat length. However, an observation in our study worth noting is that the patient with the most GCN-repeats (n = 18, due to a (GCN)12/(GCN)16 mutation) had the highest proxy score on the ALS-FTD-Q.
Scores of the ALS-FTD-Q have been compared between proxies and patients; while the median scores differ only slightly and not significantly, there seems to be an apparent underreporting by patients proportion wise (no severe behavioural change and only three in the mild category). In 14 cases, patients scored lower than their proxies, possibly indicating some degree of reduced disease insight, which is associated with bvFTD.
Our study has some limitations. First, the number of responders who refused participation was substantial and we were unable to examine their reasons for refusal. This high proportion may have led to selection bias, plausibly with an underestimation of the actual proportions of behavioural change in OPMD patients, since patients with more severe behavioural impairment may be unwilling or incapable of partaking in a questionnaire. The low sample size may also have resulted in insufficient power to generate strong conclusions. Second, the ALS-FTD-Q, including the cut-off scores, has not been validated in OPMD, which may have led to a bias in assessing the proportions of behavioural change. However, it has been validated in another neuromuscular disorder with bulbar and appendicular weakness (ALS patients of whom 8%had severe and 11%mild behavioural changes) and has specifically been designed in order to avoid overestimation of behavioural impairment due to motor and bulbar impairment, which are both present in OPMD [6, 21].
Future investigations, for instance longitudinal comprehensive neuropsychological examinations (including behavioural assessments or observations) in larger population-based cohorts - supported by brain imaging and post mortem pathological examinations - will further increase our knowledge of the occurrence and clinical relevance of underlying brain changes in patients with OPMD, and may form the basis for therapeutic interventions.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
No financial support was needed nor supplied for this research.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors have no conflict of interest to report.
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