Affiliations: Department of Automatic Control, Tabbin Institute for Metallurgical Studies, Cairo, Egypt | Department of Electronics and Communication, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt | Faculty of Medicine, Department of Endocrinology, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
Note: [] Corresponding author. Fayrouz Allam, Department of Automatic Control, Tabbin Institute for Metallurgical Studies, Cairo, Egypt. E-mail: f_allam2008@yahoo.com
Abstract: Current insulin therapy for patients with type 1 diabetes often results in high variability in blood glucose concentration and may cause hyper-and hypoglycemic episodes. Closing the glucose control loop with a fully automated control system improves the quality of life for insulin-dependent patients. This paper presents a nonlinear model predictive control technique for glucose regulation in type 1 diabetic patients. The proposed technique uses a neural network as a nonlinear model for prediction of future glucose values and a fuzzy logic controller (FLC) to determine the insulin dose required to regulate the blood glucose level, especially after unmeasured meals. In the proposed technique, to avoid errors of meal estimation, the patient is not required to enter any data such as the meal time and size which was, in previous systems, necessary to determine the insulin bolus. The use of neural networks in predicting future glucose levels helps the proposed control strategy to handle delays associated with insulin absorption and time-lag between subcutaneous glucose readings and the plasma glucose level. The FLC uses the predicted glucose values to determine the required insulin bolus. A feed forward neural network (FFNN) and a recurrent neural network (RNN) are tested and evaluated as nonlinear glucose prediction models. Simulation results for three meal challenges are demonstrated. our results indicate that, the use of a neural network as a predictor along with a FL controller can decrease the postprandial glucose concentration, avoids hyper glycemia, and dynamically responds to glycemic challenges. The simulation results also indicate that, the use of a RNN in glucose prediction gives better results than the use of a FFNN. The RNN provides much better prediction performance than the FFNN especially at longer prediction horizons.
