Affiliations: [a] School of Computer and Systems Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru Univesity, New Delhi, India
| [b] Faculity of Engineering and Technology, MRIIRS, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| [c] School of Computing and Information Technology, Manipal University Jaipur, India
| [d] Uttarakhand Open University, Haldwani, Uttarakhand, India
Correspondence:
[*]
Corresponding author. Biswa Mohan Sahoo, School of Computing and Information Technology, Manipal University
Jaipur, India. E-mail: biswamohans@gmail.com.
Abstract: Machine learning and deep learning methods have become exponentially more accurate. These methods are now as precise as experts of respective fields, so it is being used in almost all areas of life. Nowadays, people have more faith in machines than men, so, in this vein, deep learning models with the concept of transfer learning of CNN are used to detect and classify diabetic retinopathy and its different stages. The backbone of various CNN-based models such as InceptionResNetV2, InceptionV3, Xception, MobileNetV2, VGG19, and DenceNet201 are used to classify this vision loss disease. In these base models, transfer learning has been applied by adding some layers like batch normalization, dropout, and dense layers to make the model more effective and accurate for the given problem. The training of the resulting models has been done for the Kaggle retinopathy 2019 dataset with about 3662 fundus fluorescein angiography colored images. Performance of all six trained models have been measured on the test dataset in terms of precision, recall, F1 score, macro average, weighted average, confusion matrix, and accuracy. A confusion matrix is based on maximum class probability prediction that is the incapability of the confusion matrix. The ROC-AUC of different classes and the models are analyzed. ROC-AUC is based on the actual probability of different categories. The results obtained from this study show that InceptionResNetV2 is proven the best model for diabetic retinopathy detection and classification, among other models considered here. It can work accurately in case of less training data. Thus, this model may detect and classify diabetic retinopathy automatically and accurately at an early stage. So it would be beneficial for humans to reduce the effects of diabetes. As a result of this, the impact of diabetes on vision loss can be minimized, and that would be a blessing in the medical field.
Keywords: Diabetic retinopathy, nonproliferative, proliferative, maculopathy, transfer learning
