Affiliations: [a] Department of Business Management and Analytics, Arcada University of Applied Sciences, Helsinki, Finland
| [b] Computing Department, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
Correspondence:
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Corresponding author. Leonardo Espinosa-Leal, Department of Business Management and Analytics, Arcada University of Applied Sciences, Helsinki, Finland. E-mail: leonardo.espinosaleal@arcada.fi.
Abstract: Industry has always been in the pursuit of becoming more economically efficient and the current focus has been to reduce human labour using modern technologies. Even with cutting edge technologies, which range from packaging robots to AI for fault detection, there is still some ambiguity on the aims of some new systems, namely, whether they are automated or autonomous. In this paper, we indicate the distinctions between automated and autonomous systems as well as review the current literature and identify the core challenges for creating learning mechanisms of autonomous agents. We discuss using different types of extended realities, such as digital twins, how to train reinforcement learning agents to learn specific tasks through generalisation. Once generalisation is achieved, we discuss how these can be used to develop self-learning agents. We then introduce self-play scenarios and how they can be used to teach self-learning agents through a supportive environment that focuses on how the agents can adapt to different environments. We introduce an initial prototype of our ideas by solving a multi-armed bandit problem using two ε-greedy algorithms. Further, we discuss future applications in the industrial management realm and propose a modular architecture for improving the decision-making process via autonomous agents.
Keywords: Autonomous systems, reinforcement learning, self-play, digital twin, industry 4.0
