Affiliations: [a] Department of Software Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan
| [b] Department of Computer Engineering, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| [c] College of Computer and Information Systems, Al-Yamamah University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| [d] College of Computer and Information Sciences, Prince Sultan University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| [e] Faculty of Computing and Information Technology, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Correspondence:
[*]
Corresponding author. Zahid Mehmood, Department of Software Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila 47050, Pakistan. E-mail: zahid.mehmood@uettaxila.edu.pk.
Abstract: Due to the fast growth of multimedia archives, the semantic gap is becoming a vital problem between machine learning based semantic concepts and local features of the image to retrieve images accurately. To address this issue, the proposed method of this article introduces two novel methods for effective image retrieval known as visual words integration after clustering (VWIaC) and feature integration before clustering (FIbC). These methods use complementary features of histograms of oriented gradients (HOG) and oriented FAST and rotated BRIEF (ORB) descriptors founded on the bag-of-words (BoW) model for salient objects within the images to build smaller and larger sizes of codebooks. To achieve higher efficiency in terms of specificity of the image retrieval system, the codebook of larger sizes are preferred, while larger sizes codebook produces low sensitivity and vice versa. The proposed method of VWIaC produces two smaller sizes codebooks to achieve higher sensitivity. After that visual words of both smaller size codebooks are integrated to produce larger size codebook, which improves the specificity of the proposed method. The performance of the proposed method is tested on three standard image benchmarks, which verifies its vigorous performance as compared to an FIbC method and recent CBIR methods.
