DEEP: Distance and encounter based energy-efficient protocol for opportunistic networks

Article type: Research Article

Authors: Dhurandher, Sanjay Kumar^a | Borah, Satya J.^a | Woungang, Isaac^{b; *} | Tibarewal, Suryansh^a | Barolli, Leonard^c

Affiliations: [a] CAITFS, Division of Information Technology, NSIT, University of Delhi, Delhi, India. E-mails: dhurandher@gmail.com, satyaborah@yahoo.co.in, suryansh.tibarewal@gmail.com | [b] Department of Computer Science, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada. E-mail: iwoungan@scs.ryerson.ca | [c] Department of Information and Comm. Eng., Fukuoka Institute of Technology, Japan. E-mail: barolli@fit.ac.jp

Correspondence: [*] Corresponding author. E-mail: iwoungan@scs.ryerson.ca.

Abstract: Designing a routing protocol for opportunistic networks (OppNets) is a challenging task due to node’s mobility and the lack of further knowledge about the network topology and the presence or not of an end-to-end path. This paper proposes an energy efficient routing protocol called Distance and Encounter based Energy-Efficient Protocol (DEEP), in which the selection of the best next hop forwarder for a message relies on the node’s energy. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed scheme outperforms E-Prophet, E-PRoWait and E-EDR, our energy-aware implementations of the Probabilistic Routing Protocol using History of Encounters and Transitivity (so-called Prophet), Probability-based controlled flooding in opportunistic networks (so-called PRoWait), and Encounter and Distance based Routing (so-called EDR) routing protocol, in terms of node’s residual energy, number of dead nodes, message delivery probability, and message latency.

Keywords: Opportunistic networks, Delay-Tolerant Network (DTN), Opportunistic Network Environment (ONE) simulator, E-Prophet, E-PRoWait and E-EDR

DOI: 10.3233/JHS-180585

Journal: Journal of High Speed Networks, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 119-131, 2018