Affiliations: [a] Department of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece | [b] Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
Correspondence:
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Corresponding author: Christos Tsigkanos, Department of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Christos Tsigkanos, 91 Alexandras Avenue, Athens, Greece. Tel.: +30 210 643 4217; Mob: +30 693 878 9096; E-mail: chris-tsi@live.com.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Kinematic analysis has been a dominant tool for addressing the neuromuscular and proprioceptive alterations that occur in Low Back Pain (LBP) patients. Movement variability is a crucial component of this analysis. In the recent years application of non-linear indices seems to be showing the way. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to compare movement variability, as expressed mainly by non-linear indices, at the pelvis and lumbar spine between LBP patients and healthy participants during gait. METHODS: Sixteen (16) LBP patients and thirteen (13) healthy control subjects (non-athletes) participated in the study. Participants walked on a treadmill at different walking conditions while recorded by a 6-infrared camera optoelectronic system. Kinematic variability of pelvic and lumbar movement was analyzed using linear (standard deviation – SD) and non-linear indices (Maximal Lyapunov Exponent – LyE and Approximate Entropy – ApEn). RESULTS: Healthy subjects were found to have significantly greater mean values than LBP patients at seven pelvic and lumbar components in LyE, ApEn and SD. Specifically, the calculated LyE at the pelvis during normal gait was proven to have a sensitivity of 92.3% and a specificity of 90% in the discrimination of healthy subjects from LBP patients. Female subjects presented with higher variability in gait measures than males. CONCLUSION: Healthy participants presented with higher movement variability in their kinematic behavior in comparison to LBP patients. Lower variability values may be partly explained by the attempt of LBP patients to avoid painful end of range of motion positions. In this perspective non-linear indices seem to relate to qualitive characteristics of movement that need to be taken into consideration during rehabilitation.
Keywords: Low back pain, movement variability, gait kinematics, Maximal Lyapunov Exponent, Approximate entropy
