Affiliations: Department of Psychology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
Correspondence:
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Correspondence to: Progress Njomboro, Department of Psychology, PD Hahn Building, Chemistry Mall, Upper Campus, Rondebosch 7701, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa. Tel.: +27 (0) 216503418; E-mail: Progress.Njomboro@uct.ac.za.
Abstract: Background:Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia. Its initially characterized by progressive short-term memory loss followed by cross-domain cognitive decline in later stages resulting in significant functional deficits and loss of activities of daily living (ADLs) independence. Apathy and depression are frequent neuropsychiatric sequelae in AD, but their contribution to functional deficits is poorly understood. Objective:We aimed to quantitatively investigate if apathy and depressive symptoms predict ADLs in AD. We also wanted to fractionate apathy dimensions by factor-analyzing the apathy evaluation scale (AES) and then investigate the dimensions’ relation to ADLs. Methods:We recruited a sample of 115 patients with probable or possible AD and assessed them for depression, apathy, and ADLs alongside other measures. We hypothesized that apathy and depressive symptoms would predict ADLs and that AES items will load into cognitive, behavioral, and affective factors that would differentially relate to ADLs. Results:Our results indicated that apathy symptoms predict ADLs deficits. The AES items resolved into a three-factor solution but the manner of clustering diverged from that proposed by AES authors. When these factors were regressed simultaneously, only behavioral apathy predicted global ADLs. Distinguishing basic from instrumental ADLs showed that behavioral and cognitive apathy symptoms associate with ADLs deficits while affective symptoms do not. Conclusions:Our results highlight the influence of apathy on ADLs in AD. This has important implications for patient care considering the high prevalence of apathy in AD and other dementing illnesses.
Keywords: Activities of daily living, Alzheimer’s disease, apathy, depression
