The Cognition and Flow Study (CogFlowS): A Mixed Method Evaluation of a Randomized Feasibility Trial of Cognitive Training in Dementia

Article type: Research Article

Authors: Beishon, Lucy C.^{a; *} | Haunton, Victoria J.^{a; b} | Bradbury-Jones, Caroline^f | Subramaniam, Hari^{c; d} | Mukaetova-Ladinska, Elizabeta B.^{c; d} | Panerai, Ronney B.^{a; b} | Robinson, Thompson G.^{a; b} | Evley, Rachel^e

Affiliations: [a] Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK | [b] NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, British Heart Foundation Cardiovascular Research Centre, The Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK | [c] The Evington Centre, Leicestershire Partnership NHS Trust, Leicester, UK | [d] Department of Neuroscience, University of Leicester, Psychology and Behaviour, Leicester, UK | [e] Injury, Recovery and Inflammation Science, University of Nottingham, UK | [f] University of Birmingham, School of Nursing, Birmingham, UK

Correspondence: [*] Correspondence to: Lucy Beishon, Room 228, Level 2 Clinical Sciences Building, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester, LE2 7LX, UK. Tel.: +1 0116 252 3134; E-mail: Lb330@le.ac.uk.

Abstract: Background:Cognitive training (CT) may be beneficial in delaying the onset or slowing dementia progression. CT has been evaluated quantitatively and qualitatively, but none have used mixed methods approaches. Objective:The aim of this study was to use a mixed methods approach to identify those who may selectively benefit from CT. Methods:This was an explanatory sequential mixed methods study involving a quantitative randomized trial of 12 weeks multi-domain CT in healthy older adults (HC, n = 20), and people living with mild cognitive impairment (MCI; n = 12) and dementia (n = 24). Quantitative outcomes included: cognition, mood, quality of life, and activities of daily living. 28 (10 HC, 6 MCI, 12 dementia) training participants completed semi-structured interviews with their carer. Quantitative and qualitative data were integrated using joint displays. Results:Three participants dropped out from the training early-on, leaving 25 participants with follow-up data for full integration (10 HC, 6 MCI, 9 dementia). Dropouts and lower adherence to training were more common in dementia participants with greater non-modifiable barriers. High adherers were more resilient to negative emotions, and poorer or fluctuating performance. Integrated analysis found the majority of participants (n = 24) benefited across outcomes, with no clear profile of individuals who benefited more than others. Participants made a number of key recommendations to improve adherence and minimize dropout to CT. Conclusion:Reasons for dropout and low adherence were identified, with recommendations provided for the design of CT for dementia. An individual approach to training should be adopted and low adherence should not preclude engagement with CT.

Keywords: Alzheimer’s disease, brain training, cognitive intervention, mild cognitive impairment, qualitative

DOI: 10.3233/JAD-215726

Journal: Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, vol. 87, no. 3, pp. 1013-1031, 2022