Recruitment of Older Veterans with Diabetes Risk for Alzheimer’s Disease for a Randomized Clinical Trial of Computerized Cognitive Training

Article type: Research Article

Authors: Karran, Martha^a | Guerrero-Berroa, Elizabeth^{a; b; c} | Schmeidler, James^b | Lee, Pearl G.^{d; e} | Alexander, Neil^{d; e} | Nabozny, Martina^{d; e} | West, Rebecca K.^b | Beeri, Michal Schnaider^b | Sano, Mary^{a; b} | Silverman, Jeremy M.^{a; b; *}

Affiliations: [a] James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA | [b] Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA | [c] Lehman College, City University of New York, Bronx, NY, USA | [d] University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA | [e] Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Ann Arbor Health Care System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA

Correspondence: [*] Correspondence to: Jeremy M. Silverman, PhD, James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 130 West Kingsbridge Road, Bronx, NY 10468, USA. Tel.: +1 718 584 9000/Ext. 1700; E-mail: jeremy.silverman@mssm.edu.

Abstract: Background:Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is prevalent in the general United States population, and in the veteran population. T2DM has consistently been linked to increased risk for cognitive impairment, dementia, and Alzheimer’s disease. Computerized cognitive training (CCT) is practical and inexpensive cognitive interventions that is an alternative to medication. Objective:To report the recruitment methods and challenges to date in an ongoing two-site randomized controlled trial (RCT) of CCT on cognitive function and T2DM management in an older non-demented veteran population. Methods:Veterans are recruited primarily by targeted mailings or by direct contact at clinics and presentations. Results:From 1,459 original contacts, 437 expressed initial interest, 111 provided informed consent, and 97 completed baseline assessments. Participants from the two VA Medical Centers differed in demographics and baseline characteristics. Comparing recruitment methods, the proportion of individuals contacted who were ultimately consented was significantly less from mailings (5%) than other sources (20%), primarily face– to-face clinic visits (χ2 (1) = 38.331, p < 0.001). Conclusions:Mailings are cost-effective, but direct contact improved recruitment. Not using or lacking access to computers and ineligibility were major reasons for non-participation. Within-site comparisons of demographically diverse sites can address confounding of demographic and other site differences.

Keywords: Cognition, computer games, research subject recruitment, type 2 diabetes mellitus, veterans

Keywords: Clinical Trials registration number, NCT01736124

DOI: 10.3233/JAD-180952

Journal: Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, vol. 69, no. 2, pp. 401-411, 2019