Affiliations: [a] Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| [b] Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| [c] Department of Behavioral Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| [d] Department of Pathology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
Correspondence:
[*]
Correspondence to: Lei Yu, PhD, Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, 600 South Paulina Street, Suite 1020B, Chicago, IL 60612, USA. Tel.: +1 312 942 0543; Fax: +1 312 942 2297; E-mail: lei_yu@rush.edu.
Abstract: Background: Domain specific literacy is a multidimensional construct that requires multiple resources including cognitive and non-cognitive factors. Objective: We test the hypothesis that domain specific literacy is associated with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) dementia and AD pathology after controlling for cognition. Methods: Participants were community-based older persons who completed a baseline literacy assessment, underwent annual clinical evaluations for up to 8 years, and agreed to organ donation after death. Financial and health literacy was measured using 32 questions and cognition was measured using 19 tests. Annual diagnosis of AD dementia followed standard criteria. AD pathology was examined postmortem by quantifying plaques and tangles. Cox models examined the association of literacy with incident AD dementia. Performance of model prediction for incident AD dementia was assessed using indices for integrated discrimination improvement and continuous net reclassification improvement. Linear regression models examined the independent association of literacy with AD pathology in autopsied participants. Results: All 805 participants were free of dementia at baseline and 102 (12.7%) developed AD dementia during the follow-up. Lower literacy was associated with higher risk for incident AD dementia (p < 0.001), and the association persisted after controlling for cognition (hazard ratio = 1.50, p = 0.004). The model including the literacy measure had better predictive performance than the one with demographics and cognition only. Lower literacy also was associated with higher burden of AD pathology after controlling for cognition (β= 0.07, p = 0.035). Conclusion: Literacy predicts incident AD dementia and AD pathology in community-dwelling older persons, and the association is independent of traditional measures of cognition.
Keywords: Alzheimer’s disease, cognition, dementia, domain specific literacy, pathology
