Affiliations: [a] Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria | [b] Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria | [c] Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria | [d] Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, General Hospital Linz, Linz, Austria | [e] Landesnervenklinik Sigmund Freud Graz, Graz, Austria | [f] Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Regional Hospital Hall in Tirol, Hall in Tirol, Austria | [g] Janssen Alzheimer Immunotherapy, Health Economics & Market Access, Dublin, Ireland
Correspondence:
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Correspondence to: Dr. Thomas Benke, Clinic of Neurology, Medical University Innsbruck, Anichstr. 35, A-6020, Austria. Tel.: +43 512504 81176; Fax: +43 512504 28152; E-mail: thomas.benke@i-med.ac.at.
Abstract: Background:Patient dependence has rarely been studied in mild-to-moderate Alzheimer's disease (AD). Objective:To identify factors which predict patient dependence in mild-to-moderate AD. Methods:We studied 398 non-institutionalized AD patients (234 females) of the ongoing Prospective Registry on Dementia (PRODEM) in Austria. The Dependence Scale (DS) was used to assess patient dependence. Patient assessment comprised functional abilities, neuropsychiatric symptoms and cognitive functions. A multiple linear regression analysis was performed to identify predictors of patient dependence. Results:AD patients were mildly-to-moderately impaired (mean scores and SDs were: CDR 0.84 ± 0.43; DAD 74.4 ± 23.3, MMSE = 22.5 ± 3.6). Psychopathology and caregiver burden were in the low range (mean NPI score 13.2, range 0 to 98; mean ZBI score 18, range 0–64). Seventy five percent of patients were classified as having a mild level of patient dependence (DS sum score 0 to 6). Patient dependence correlated significantly and positively with age, functional measures, psychopathology and depression, disease duration, and caregiver burden. Significant negative, but low correlations were found between patient dependence, cognitive variables, and global cognition. Activities of daily living, patient age, and disease severity accounted for 63% of variance in patient dependence, whereas cognitive variables accounted for only 11%. Conclusion:Dependence in this cohort was mainly related to age and functional impairment, and less so to cognitive and neuropsychiatric variables. This differs from studies investigating patients in more advanced disease stages which found abnormal behavior and impairments of cognition as main predictors of patient dependence.
