Recognition of possible risk factors for clinically significant drug-drug interactions among Indian people living with HIV receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy and concomitant medications
Affiliations: [a] Department of Pharmacy Practice, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| [b] Department of Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| [c] Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| [d] Department of Statistics, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India
Correspondence:
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Address for correspondence: Dr. Radhakrishnan Rajesh, Assistant Professor (Selection Grade), Department of Pharmacy Practice, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal University, Manipal – 576 104, Karnataka, India. Fax: +91 820 2571998; Tel.: +91 820 2922482; Mobile: 9448374166; E-mails: rrajesh3775@gmail.com; rajesh.r@manipal.edu.
Abstract: BACKGROUND:Greatest challenges for clinician is to recognize risk factors for clinically significant drug interactions (CSDIs). There is a lack of awareness about CSDIs among healthcare professionals in India. OBJECTIVE:To recognize all possible risk factors for drug-drug interactions (DDIs) and to identify clinically significant drug interactions (CSDIs), the prevalence, pattern of occurrence of DDIs in People Living with HIV (PLW-HIV) receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and concomitant medications. METHODS:A retrospective medical record review was carried out by clinical pharmacist with ethics committee approval. Case files of HIV patients receiving HAART with concomitant medications were analyzed for CSDIs using University of Liverpool drug interaction database and CSDIs were classified based on red flag indication (RFI) or contraindicated drug-drug interaction (XDDIs) and orange flag indication (OFI) or DDIs that needs close monitoring. Patients with DDIs (cases) and patients without DDIs (controls) were compared with Chi-square tests. P value <0.05 was considered as statistically significant. RESULTS:A total of 240 HIV patients’ cases were screened. Out of which 267 DDIs were reported in 107 patients. Prevalence of DDIs was higher in male 71 (66.4%) compared to female 36 (33.6%). On zero-inflated poisson regression analysis, factors of polypharmacy, opportunistic infections, comorbid condition like Ischemic heart disease, respiratory tract infections, and psychiatric disorder were found to be predictors of high risk factors for DDIs to HAART. Fourteen XDDIs with RFI and two hundred fifty three DDIs with OFI were reported. XDDIs were atazanavir with fluconazole 4 (28.6%), ritonavir with fluconazole 4 (28.6%), nevirapine with rifampicin 2 (14.4%), ritonavir with quetiapine, atazanavir with pantoprazole. Pharmacokinetic DDIs were highest 238 (89.1%). Sixteen DDIs were reported in a single patient. The majority 97 (90.6%) patients had developed ≤5 DDIs, 8 (7.5%) developed six to eleven DDIs. The highest DDIs were reported with efavirenz 49 (18.4%) and zidovudine 44 (16.5%) based HAART regimen. CONCLUSION:In India, with the increasing access to HAART usage, Clinician must focus to pay attention to recognize possible risk factors for CSDIs associated with HAART regimen and strictly to avoid “Red Flag Indication combinations” while prescribing so as to prevent CSDIs.
Keywords: Human immunodeficiency virus, highly active antiretroviral therapy, clinically significant drug interactions, risk factors for drug-drug interactions
