Lloyd–Max's Algorithm Implementation in Speech Coding Algorithm Based on Forward Adaptive Technique

Article type: Research Article

Authors: Nikolic, Jelena | Peric, Zoran

Affiliations: Faculty of Electronic Engineering, Aleksandra Medvedeva 14, 18000 Nis, Serbia, e-mail: njelena@elfak.ni.ac.yu, peric@elfak.ni.ac.yu

Abstract: In this paper a detail analysis of speech coding algorithm based on forward adaptive technique is carried out. We consider an algorithm that works on frame-by-frame basis, where a frame consists of a certain number of speech samples. Buffering frame-by-frame an estimation of the gain defined as squared root of the frame variance is enabled. The information about the gain (side information) and the code book of a nonadaptive quantizer, which is designed for the unit variance case of the input signal, are further used when designing an adaptive quantizer. In such a way better quantizer adaptation to the varying input statistics is provided. Observe that the goal of this paper is to investigate the preference that for the wide range of variance change could be achieved when implementing in the forward adaptive speech coding algorithm, the recently developed effective method for the Lloyd–Max's algorithm initialization, which provides optimal Lloyd–Max's quantizer performances for the unit variance case of the input signal. We destine to consider the speech coding algorithm based on forward adaptive technique since the backward adaptation provides SQNR (signal to quantization noise ratio) within 1 dB of the forward adaptation. We provide theoretical and experimental results (performances of our algorithm) which are compared with the optimal results. Additionally, we discuss the performances of speech coding schemes designed according to G. 711 standard and we point out the benefits that can be achieved by using our algorithm. Finally, in order to find better solution for implementation of the proposed algorithm in practice we consider the performances of our algorithm when log-uniform as well as uniform scalar quantizer are used for gain quantizing.

Keywords: speech coding algorithm, forward adaptive technique, Lloyd–Max's scalar quantizer

Journal: Informatica, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 255-270, 2008