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Issue title: The Behavioural Neurology of Basal Ganglia Disorders
Article type: Research Article
Authors: Waldon, Karen | Hill, Jonathan | Termine, Cristiano | Balottin, Umberto | Cavanna, Andrea Eugenio;
Affiliations: The Michael Trimble Neuropsychiatry Research Group, Department of Neuropsychiatry, BSMHFT and University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK | Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy | Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, IRCCS 'C. Mondino Institute of Neurology' Foundation, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy | Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, Institute of Neurology and University College London, London, UK
Note: [] Correspondence: Dr. Andrea Eugenio Cavanna MD, Department of Neuropsychiatry, The Barberry National Centre for Mental Health, B15 2FG, Birmingham, UK. Tel.: +44 121 3012317; Fax: +44 121 3012291; E-mail: a.cavanna@ion.ucl.ac.uk
Abstract: Introduction: Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome (GTS) is a childhood-onset hyperkinetic movement disorder defined by the chronic presence of multiple motor tics and at least one vocal tic and often complicated by co-morbid behavioural problems. The pharmacological treatment of GTS focuses on the modulation of monoaminergic pathways within the cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical circuitry. This paper aims to evaluate the efficacy and safety profiles of pharmacological agents used in the treatment of tics in patients with GTS, in order to provide clinicians with an evidence-based rationale for the pharmacological treatment in GTS. Method: In order to ascertain the best level of evidence, we conducted a systematic literature review to identify double-blind randomised controlled trials of medications in GTS populations. Results: We identified a large number of pharmacological agents as potentially effective in improving tic symptoms. The alpha-2 agonist Clonidine is amongst the agents with the most favourable efficacy-versus-adverse events ratio, especially in patients with co-morbid attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, although effect sizes vary evidence-based studies. Discussion: Our results are in line with the findings of uncontrolled open-label studies. However, most trials have low statistical power due to the small sample sizes, and newer agents, such as Aripiprazole, have not been formally tested in double-blind randomised controlled trials. Further research should focus on better outcome measures, including Quality of Life instruments.
Keywords: Drug therapy, movement disorder, pharmacological treatment, randomised controlled trial, tics, Tourette Syndrome
DOI: 10.3233/BEN-2012-120269
Journal: Behavioural Neurology, vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 265-273, 2013
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