Multiple levels of letter representation in written spelling: Evidence from a single case of dysgraphia with multiple deficits

Issue title: Acquired Dyslexia and Dysgraphia Across Scripts

Article type: Research Article

Authors: de Partz, Marie-Pierre^; | Lochy, Aliette^{; ;} | Pillon, Agnesa^;

Affiliations: Université Catholique de Louvain, Belgium | Centre de Revalidation Neuropsychologique des Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Bruxelles, Belgium | Fonds National de la Recherche Scientifique, Belgium | F.C. Donders Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Nijmegen, the Netherlands

Note: [] Corresponding author: Marie-Pierre de Partz, Centre de revalidation neuropsychologique, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, 10, Avenue Hippocrate, 1200 Bruxelles, Belgium. Tel.: +33 2 764 17 76; Fax: +33 2 764 9046; E-mail: departz@orlo.ucl.ac.be

Abstract: In this paper, we report a detailed analysis of the impaired performance of a dysgraphic individual, AD, who produced similar rates of letter-level errors in written spelling, oral spelling, and typing. We found that the distribution of various letter error types displayed a distinct pattern in written spelling on the one hand and in oral spelling and typing on the other. In particular, noncontextual letter substitution errors (i.e., errors in which the erroneous letter that replaces the target letter does not occur elsewhere within the word) were virtually absent in oral spelling and typing and mainly found in written spelling. In contrast, letter deletion errors and multiple-letter errors were typically found in oral spelling and very exceptional in written spelling. Only contextual letter substitution errors (i.e., errors in which the erroneous letter that replaces the target letter is identical to a letter occurring earlier or later in the word) were found in similar proportions in the three tasks. We argue that these contrasting patterns of letter error distribution result from damage to two distinct levels of letter representation and processing within the spelling system, namely, the amodal graphemic representation held in the graphemic buffer and the letter form representation computed by subsequent writing-specific processes. Then, we examined the relationship between error and target in the letter substitution errors produced in written and oral spelling and found evidence that distinct types of letter representation are processed at each of the hypothetized levels of damage: symbolic letter representation at the graphemic level and representation of the component graphic strokes at the letter form processing level.

Keywords: Acquired dysgraphia, graphemic buffer, letter substitution errors, grapheme, letter form, letter stroke

Journal: Behavioural Neurology, vol. 16, no. 2-3, pp. 119-144, 2005